Inhalt des Dokuments
Algorithm Engineering for Real-time Scheduling and Routing
Project
directors: | Prof. Dr. Friedrich Eisenbrand [1] Prof. Dr. Martin Skutella [2] |
---|---|
Researcher: | Jannik Matuschke
[3] |
Associated
researchers: | Andreas Karrenbauer [4] Martin Niemeier Britta Peis [5] Thomas Rothvoß [6] Andreas Wiese [7] |
Support: | DFG Priority Programme
1307 "Algorithm Engineering" [8] |
Since: | 2007 |
Project Overview
Problem Description
While 20 years ago microprocessors have mostly been used in desktop computer workstations and large-scale computers, they have meanwhile become ubiquitous. They are used in nearly all areas of technology and specifically in safety and mission critical applications. The future vision of the automotive and avionics industry is complete, safe and reliable drive-by-wire and fly-by-wire respectively. Such industrial applications gave rise to the field of computer science which is called real-time scheduling and routing. Whereas classical scheduling deals with the distribution of a finite set of tasks to a set of machines, real-time scheduling deals with recurring tasks which are often periodic and thus appear infinitely often. Since the processors in a real-time system communicate by passing messages, the messages have to be routed through the architecture (modelled as a directed graph) additionally.
The goal of the project is to develop, implement, analyse and test algorithms for real-time scheduling and routing problems using methods of linear and integer programming as well as various scheduling and routing techniques from discrete optimization.
Real-time scheduling under hard periodicity constraints
[10]
- © COGA/EPFL
Hard periodic real-time scheduling problems are
motivated by special requirements of real-time systems arising in
safety critical environments, e. g. the avionics or automotive
industry. Here, system designers need to schedule highly critical
periodic control tasks with a predictable and static scheduling
policy such that preemption and dynamic effects are avoided. For
that reason, a hard periodic execution schedule is required. Here each
task ti=(c(ti),p(ti)) releases
a job of running time c(ti) periodically exactly every p(ti) timeunits.
The problem is to find stating offsets that ensure that no
collision of different jobs occurs.
Our research led to a
characterization of the complexity landscape of the problem both in
terms of approximation algorithms and inapproximability results (see
Eisenbrand et al., ICALP 2010 [11]). Based on insights gained
in the theoretical analysis, we also designed an algorithm and a
solver that can tackle, for the first time, large previously unsolved
instances from the avionics industry (see Eisenbrand et al., ESA
2010 [12]).
Although we made significant progress both
in understanding the theoretical nature of the problem and
solving it in practice, still there are important questions left
open that we address in further research.
Deadline constrained real-time scheduling
[13]
- © COGA/EPFL
In deadline constrained real-time scheduling we have more relaxed feasibility requirements as in the case of hard periodic scheduling. Instead of requiring perfect periodic execution of the tasks, the jobs released periodically by the tasks have to be executed within a certain given time span after their release, specified by its relative deadline di. In the important special case of implicit deadlines the relative deadlines match the task periods, i. e. we have pi = di for all tasks, this means that a job of a task should be finished before the next one is released.
We studied two scheduling policies. For static-priority systems, the rate-monotonic scheduling policy is considered. Here, whenever two unfinished jobs are available at the same time, the one with the lower period is prioritized. For dynamic priority systems, the earliest-deadline-first policy is studied. Here, whenever two unfinished jobs are available at the same time, the one with the closer deadline is prioritized. The reason to consider these policies is that they are provably optimal, i.e., whenever an instance is feasible under any static/dynamic priority policy, it is also feasible under rate-monotonic/earliest-deadline-first policy (see Liu and Layland, 1973). We contributed significantly to a better theoretical understanding of these problems by providing, amongst other things, an average case analyis (Karrenbauer and Rothvoß, ESA 2009 [14]; Davis et al., Real Time Systems 2009 [15]), approximation algorithms (Karrenbauer and Rothvoß, WAOA 2010 [16]) and hardness results (Eisenbrand and Rothvoß, APPROX 2009 [17]; Eisenbrand and Rothvoß, SODA 2010 [18]).
Scheduling jobs with shared memory
Embedded real-time systems are often implemented
upon heterogeneous hard-
ware, consisting of several distinct
processors, each with its own instruction set.
This trend towards
platform heterogeneity is becoming more pronounced as real-time
systems increasingly come to be implemented upon multicore platforms.
Specialized hardware components are used that accelerate certain
computations—examples include multicore CPUs with specialized
graphics processing cores, signal-processing cores,
floating-point units, customizable FPGAs etc. The heterogeneous
multiprocessor platforms upon which embedded real-time systems
are implemented often possess a shared pool of memory in addition
to the computing cores (see Hady et al., 2009).
Therefore, we want to investigate real-time scheduling problems
under the additional constraint that the jobs need to share a common
pool of memory. The jobs which are active at any time must not
exceed the total available memory of the system.
As a first
step to understand the shared memory constraint, we investigated
classical static offline scheduling problems where we additionally
impose this constraint. We developed approximation algorithms for
several variants of the offline scheduling problem (see Niemeier
et al., ECRTS 2011 [19]; Niemeier and Wiese, WAOA 2012
[20]). While the offline variant is, to some extent, well
understood, fundamental questions in the online and real-time
scheduling variant are still open. Our next step is to contribute to a
better understanding of these variants of the shared memory scheduling
problem.
Routing real-time messages
The problem to send a given set of messages through a communication network on time is a very involved problem of high practical relevance, even the special case in which all messages have unit size (i.e., the packet routing problem). We distinguish between the packet routing and the more general message routing problem, consider these problems on simple network topologies, with and without restrictions on the number of sources and sinks, release times, deadlines, travel times and capacities. Moreover, since packet routing is strongly related to dynamic flows, we aim to develop and translate techniques and ideas from the theory of dynamic flows to design efficient algorithms for the packet and message routing problem on the one hand, and on the other hand, contribute with our results to a better understanding of dynamic flows.
Scheduling and routing dependent periodic tasks
While in the above we investigate real-time scheduling of periodic task systems and real-time routing of messages separately, the goal here is to develop algorithmic methods which can deal with the combination of the two problems: imagine a periodic task system with dependencies among the tasks in the sense that the successful execution of the jobs of one task might require the information of the jobs of another task. Thus, in case two dependent tasks are assigned to different processors, the corresponding information needs to be routed through the communication network linking the processors. This ambitious goal involves critical routing and scheduling decisions which affect each other. Before we approach this goal, we investigate the problem to schedule periodic task systems with dependencies but without any routing decisions. Also, we study the problem to route periodic messages through a network given that the tasks are already scheduled.
References
Liu,
C. L. and Layland, James W.
Scheduling
algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard-real-time
environment.
J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 20:46–61,
1973.
Hady, F. T. and Cabot, M. B. and Beck, J. and Rosenbluth, M.
Heterogeneous processors sharing a common
cache.
United States Patent 7,577,792. Assignee: Intel
Corporation, 2009.
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